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Terms and conditions

Last reviewed: October 2026

1. These terms

This website is operated by RES Research Solutions and Publishers (Private) Limited. By using it you accept these terms. If you do not accept them, please do not use the site.

2. Using the site

You may read, download and print material from this site for your own research, teaching and private study. Articles published from 1 October 2026 onwards, with the agreement of the relevant copyright holders, are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This licence permits sharing and adaptation, including commercial reuse, subject to its attribution and other conditions.

Previously published articles remain subject to their originally granted licences unless an additional licence is authorised by the relevant copyright holders. Check the licence stated on each article. For further details, including the licensing transition and third-party material, see our Copyright and Licensing Policy.

Site text, the RES Publishers name and the RES Publishers logo are not covered by the article licences unless expressly stated. Rights in these materials are reserved, subject to applicable law. Article licences do not grant permission to imply endorsement by RES Publishers.

You must not attempt to gain unauthorised access to the site, interfere with its operation, or use it to distribute unlawful material.

3. Submitting a manuscript

By submitting, you confirm that the work is original, that it is not under consideration elsewhere, that every listed author has approved the submission and meets our authorship criteria, and that you have obtained any permissions and ethical approvals required. Submission creates no obligation on us to publish; acceptance is at the editors' discretion following peer review.

4. Article processing charges

There is no submission fee. An article processing charge becomes payable on acceptance at the rate published on the journal's site at the time of submission. Payment of a charge does not purchase acceptance: the fee is for production and publication of a manuscript already accepted on its merits. Where an article is retracted for misconduct, the charge is not refunded.

5. Author services

Our author services are provided separately from our journals and under a separate agreement. Using them confers no advantage in peer review at any journal, including our own, and we give no guarantee that an edited manuscript will be accepted anywhere.

6. Accuracy and liability

Views expressed in published articles are those of their authors. We take reasonable care over the content of this site but give no warranty that it is complete or error-free. Nothing in these terms excludes liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence, for fraud, or for anything else that cannot lawfully be excluded. Subject to that, we are not liable for indirect or consequential loss arising from use of this site.

7. External links

Links to other websites are provided for convenience. We do not control them and are not responsible for their content.

8. Changes

We may update these terms; the version on this page at the time you use the site is the one that applies.

9. Governing law

These terms are governed by the law of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, where RES Research Solutions and Publishers (Private) Limited is registered, and the courts of Pakistan have jurisdiction over any dispute arising from them.

10. Contact

support@respublishers.com